Positive Behavior Interventions

Positive Behavior Interventions Managing classroom behavior is one of the tasks most challenging for beginning teachers and even some veteran teachers. A national survey revealed that 20% of first- year teachers did not feel adequately prepared to maintain order and discipline in their classroom (Faul, Stepensky & Simonsen, 2011). I struggle with controlling individuals’ behavior that interrupts the other students learning. A research was designed to show how a specific management strategy helped decrease inappropriate behavior and increase appropriate behavior.The research combined with my experience in the classroom helped me come to the conclusion of how to promote positive behavior. The study was looking at the effects of teachers prompting appropriate behavior on the off task behavior of two middle school students. Prompts are used as reminders and they can be verbal, visual, gestural, and physical but they should be specific and frequent for them to be effective. The stu dy took place in an urban middle school with 1000 students across grades 5-8.The two participants in the study was Owen, an 11 year old male in the fifth grade and Tom, a 12 year old male in sixth grade. They were in general education classes and both were academically able to complete the work when not engaging in off task behaviors. Their off task behaviors included getting out of their seat, talking out, making disruptive noises, and talking to peers. Data was collected in the classes where problem behaviors were most likely to occur for each student.The dependent variable in the research was direct observation to document students’ on-and off-task behavior and the independent variable is the verbal prompt addressed to each student. The verbal prompt was given only one time at the beginning of class and was alternated every other day and it was â€Å"Be respectful, be responsible, and have pride. Do your best! † The results showed that both students engaged in less off-task behavior when they were prompted than when they were not.The teachers also commented that they saw an improvement in academic performance during classes when the student was prompted. They believed that prompting increases appropriate behavior and decreases inappropriate behavior. This study shows that prompting is a simple and effective strategy that may be implemented successfully with students who engage in off-task behavior in a general education classroom setting. I would use prompting in my classroom because prompting requires minimal training and effort to implement so it would be an ideal strategy for me to use for managing student behavior.In my classroom now I have many behavior problems in my last period class. They will talk over me and disrupt me when I was giving directions or trying to explain something to the class. One day I decided to use prompting and I did it at the beginning of class and at the end of class by saying â€Å"Today we will not be disrupti ve and we will be respectful and raise our hands if we have a comment or question† I was very surprised to see how much this improved classroom behavior as a whole.The students then were able to be on task and actual learn more when they were not disruptive. In conclusion, prompting is shown to increase appropriate behavior and decrease inappropriate behavior. Prompts can be effective even in different settings and not just in the classroom. The article stated that prompts delivered over the phone to encourage people to exercise where effective at increasing exercise behavior (Faul, Stepensky & Simonsen, 2011).Prompting should be used inside and outside the classroom to improve positive behaviors. Classroom management can become much easier for first year teachers if they use the strategy of prompting combined with other strategies. Reference Faul, A. , Stepensky, K. , & Simonsen, B. (2011). The effects of prompting appropriate behavior on the off-task behavior of two middle s chool students. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 14(1), 47-55. doi: 10. 1177/1098300711410702 Positive Behavior Interventions Positive Behavior Interventions Managing classroom behavior is one of the tasks most challenging for beginning teachers and even some veteran teachers. A national survey revealed that 20% of first- year teachers did not feel adequately prepared to maintain order and discipline in their classroom (Faul, Stepensky & Simonsen, 2011). I struggle with controlling individuals’ behavior that interrupts the other students learning. A research was designed to show how a specific management strategy helped decrease inappropriate behavior and increase appropriate behavior.The research combined with my experience in the classroom helped me come to the conclusion of how to promote positive behavior. The study was looking at the effects of teachers prompting appropriate behavior on the off task behavior of two middle school students. Prompts are used as reminders and they can be verbal, visual, gestural, and physical but they should be specific and frequent for them to be effective. The stu dy took place in an urban middle school with 1000 students across grades 5-8.The two participants in the study was Owen, an 11 year old male in the fifth grade and Tom, a 12 year old male in sixth grade. They were in general education classes and both were academically able to complete the work when not engaging in off task behaviors. Their off task behaviors included getting out of their seat, talking out, making disruptive noises, and talking to peers. Data was collected in the classes where problem behaviors were most likely to occur for each student.The dependent variable in the research was direct observation to document students’ on-and off-task behavior and the independent variable is the verbal prompt addressed to each student. The verbal prompt was given only one time at the beginning of class and was alternated every other day and it was â€Å"Be respectful, be responsible, and have pride. Do your best! † The results showed that both students engaged in less off-task behavior when they were prompted than when they were not.The teachers also commented that they saw an improvement in academic performance during classes when the student was prompted. They believed that prompting increases appropriate behavior and decreases inappropriate behavior. This study shows that prompting is a simple and effective strategy that may be implemented successfully with students who engage in off-task behavior in a general education classroom setting. I would use prompting in my classroom because prompting requires minimal training and effort to implement so it would be an ideal strategy for me to use for managing student behavior.In my classroom now I have many behavior problems in my last period class. They will talk over me and disrupt me when I was giving directions or trying to explain something to the class. One day I decided to use prompting and I did it at the beginning of class and at the end of class by saying â€Å"Today we will not be disrupti ve and we will be respectful and raise our hands if we have a comment or question† I was very surprised to see how much this improved classroom behavior as a whole.The students then were able to be on task and actual learn more when they were not disruptive. In conclusion, prompting is shown to increase appropriate behavior and decrease inappropriate behavior. Prompts can be effective even in different settings and not just in the classroom. The article stated that prompts delivered over the phone to encourage people to exercise where effective at increasing exercise behavior (Faul, Stepensky & Simonsen, 2011).Prompting should be used inside and outside the classroom to improve positive behaviors. Classroom management can become much easier for first year teachers if they use the strategy of prompting combined with other strategies. Reference Faul, A. , Stepensky, K. , & Simonsen, B. (2011). The effects of prompting appropriate behavior on the off-task behavior of two middle s chool students. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 14(1), 47-55. doi: 10. 1177/1098300711410702

Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical Essay

QUESTION. Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical. Discuss how â€Å"The Banquet Scene† has been realised on screen and consider the effectiveness of its portrayal. ANSWER. Shakespeare was born in 1564 when Elizabeth the First was Queen of England. Shakespeare did not go to university when he left school; instead, he worked. He married Anne Hathway when he was eighteen and she became the mother of his daughter, Susanna, and also of twins. Although there are many public documents concerned with his career as a writer and a businessman, Shakespeare has hidden his personal life from us. A nineteenth century poet, Matthew Arnold, addressed Shakespeare in a poem and wrote: â€Å"We ask and ask – Thou smilest, and art still†. There is not even a portrait of the world’s greatest Dramatist. I am going to look at the banquet scene, in my opinion, one of the most important scenes in â€Å"Macbeth†; it shows many sides to both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The scene opens with the couple welcoming all the guests to their Banquet, the atmosphere is warm and jolly, and everyone is joking and enjoying themselves. The atmosphere becomes more sombre when one of Banquo’s murderers arrives with news for Macbeth. Although Banquo is â€Å"safe†, Fleance on the other hand has † ‘scap’d â€Å". Macbeth tries to â€Å"Act like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t† in front of his guests, but this does not last for long, the guilt gets the better of Macbeth and causes him to hallucinate. The Lords were all very confused, and so, Lady Macbeth tries to cover-up for her husband by telling them all that Macbeth suffers from an illness, which causes him to behave in such a manner. â€Å"Sit, worthy friends – My Lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth†. She continues by saying â€Å"The fit is momentary – upon a thought he will be well again†. The two productions I am going to look at are Roman Polanski’s 1971 Production along with Gregory Doran RSC production. In Gregory Doran’s production, Macbeth’s house resembles a prison. The front foyer is very bare, with lots of different entrances: this is trying to show us that Macbeth is imprisoned in his world of guilt. Macbeth is dressed as a soldier, which gives me the impression he is at war, maybe Doran is trying to put across the fact that Macbeth is trying to fight against all of the evil. Roman Polanski dressed Macbeth in beautiful robes; Macbeth is also wearing his crown. This makes me think Macbeth is in total control of everything. Both producers hold the Banquet in a large, dull, cold room, this symbolises the fact that Macbeth has nowhere to hide; it also creates a tense atmosphere. In Polanski’s production, Macbeth sees Banquo and he goes mad! â€Å"Avaunt! And quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee!† He continues to rant and rave at this ghost of Banquo, whom only Macbeth can see. He frightens and startles not only the lords, but also Lady Macbeth. We know this by the look of worry on her face. She then pulls her husband aside to try and help him see sense. He sees what she is trying to say and returns to normality, but this only lasts for a matter of moments, and then Macbeth resumes to his fit of madness again. Macbeth is gradually loosing control. While Macbeth moves back, Banquo continues to advance. As both men keep moving, the camera becomes Banquo. We see high angle shot of Macbeth; it seems as though Banquo is looking down upon Macbeth and that he is now the one in control. Lady Macbeth tries to make excuses for her husband’s behaviour by saying â€Å"Sit worthy friends: My lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth: pray you, keep seat: the fit is momentary: upon a thought he will be well again†. We then see a long shot of the lords at the table; they all look very puzzled and confused. By this time, Macbeth is in a corner, on the ground with Banquo towering over him, he moves in closer and closer, then Banquo is cut, and Macbeth is left sitting on the ground, a trembling wreck. Gregory Doran’s RSC Production is very similar to Polanski’s. He also shows Macbeth being overpowered by Banquo. When Lady Macbeth pulls Macbeth aside to try and snap him out of his â€Å"fit†, he is unable to look her in the eye, he keeps watching the ghost of Banquo. He realises what his wife is trying to say, and so he returns to his normal self again. The way that Macbeth is changing personalities so suddenly in this scene reminds me of a schizophrenic, it’s almost as though he has some kind of mental disorder. Macbeth tries to laugh it off and composes himself. However, this only lasts for a moment. When Macbeth sees Banquo again, he drops his chalice, and the white wine spills onto the floor. This is an interesting observation because all the other products I watched used red wine, a sign of evil and danger, but white reminds me of innocence. Maybe Gregory Doran feels that Macbeth was innocent and this is why he uses white wine rather than red. He may feel it was the witches, or maybe Lady Macbeth’s influence that encouraged him to do all those evil things. Personally, I feel it was Lady Macbeth that caused him to go through with Duncan’s murder, but yet again, how many could be talked into murder without desiring it themselves?

Restructuring Debt Essay

One appreciates the recommendation of providing information on restructuring debt to help the company combat its recent financial troubles. Even though the company is in the process of reorganizing one believes this information will help a company in reporting the restructuring of debt. One will provide information on the requirements of reporting debt on bonds, notes, and capital leases. In performing this one will also provide the journal entries one would need to record to restructure the company’s debt along with a comparison of the debt for the company’s current reporting. One will also provide valuable information on the company’s postemployment benefits. Requirements for Reporting Debt Long-term debts for a company are present obligations that consist of probable future sacrifices of economic benefit, which â€Å"are not payable within a year or within the operating cycle of the company† (Kieso, Weygandt, & Warfield, 2007, p. 672). Generally long-term debt consists of three categories, which are bonds payable, notes payable, and capital leases. In financial reporting one of the most controversial areas is the reporting of long-term debt because this debt impacts the cash flows of a company (Kieso, Weygandt, & Warfield, 2007, p. 691). The reporting requirements of the debt must be both substantive and informative to the investor. Some long-term debt such as bonds, notes, and others may need approval by the board of directors and stockholders before a company acquires the debt. Most long-term debt a company acquires has certain ovenants or restrictions within its agreement. This helps protect both the lender and borrower. A company must disclose the features along with any covenants or restrictions in the agreement of long-term debt in the financial statements or in the notes of the financial statements. This is only if the information provides an investor a more â€Å"complete understanding of the financial position of the company and the results of its operations† (Kieso, Weygandt, & Warfield, 2007, p. 672). Bonds Payable  Bonds basically represent a contract of a promise to pay at a maturity date a sum of money plus a specified rate of periodic interest on the maturity amount. Bonds can be either secured or unsecured. Secured bonds have some pledge of collateral that backs up the bond. An example of this type of bonds is a â€Å"mortgage bond secured by a claim on real estate† (Kieso, Weygandt, & Warfield, 2007, p. 673). Unsecured bonds are bonds that do not have any collateral attach to them. Most bonds carry a specific rate of interest whereas others are sold with an implied interest rate at a discount. One can convert some bonds into other securities. No matter what bond a company acquires the terms and conditions of the bond must be disclosed along with the covenants or restrictions on the bond. A company must also disclose any violation on the covenant or restrictions of the bond. In reporting bonds a company must report the bond at its face value â€Å"of its expected future cash flows, which consists of interest and principal† (Kieso, Weygandt, & Warfield, 2007, p. 675). The company amortizes any discount or premium of a bond over the life of the bond. This basically is reporting the bond at its face value less the unamortized discount or plus the unamortized premium. General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) requires a company to use the effective- interest method in determining the amortization of a discount or premium of a bond. A company reports the portion of the bond that matures within a year (current portion) as a current liability, and the remainder as a long-term liability on the balance sheet. Notes Payable Notes payable are generally an amount of money a company borrows with a romissory note. Long-term notes are similar and different from bonds in some ways. The similarity is notes payable also â€Å"have fixed maturity dates and carry either a stated or implicit interest rate† (Kieso, Weygandt, & Warfield, 2007, p. 685). The difference is notes payable are not easily tradable. A company reports notes payable in a similar fashion as it does bonds. In reporting a note payable a company records the note at its face value of its future interest and principal cash flows. The company amortizes any discount or premium of a note over its life. If a note has no-bearing interest rate the company should report the difference between the face value and the cash received as a discount on the note. This amount one amortizes over the life of the note to interest expense. Capital Leases A company may use capital leases to finance its acquisition of capital assets. In lease financing a company must met the criteria of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) on capital leases. In this a company must record both a liability, and a related asset on its balance sheet. In reporting capital lease a company reports the lease at its present value of the minimum lease payments. The company allocates these lease payments using the effective interest method to interest expense. This allocation using the effective interest method reduces the lease liability of the company. A company regardless of the type of liability it has must report the interest rate, maturity date, current interest expense, and future interest and principles payments of the liability in its financial statements or notes. A company should also disclose any restrictions or covenants on these liabilities. In disclosing this debt a company should present the debt by major category.

Outdoor Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Outdoor Education - Essay Example Gender is arguably the most ubiquitous individual difference that is attracting considerable interest in the outdoor education field. In spite of this trend, there is a lack of critical reviews of the anecdotal and research literature. This paper examines the impact of gender on outdoor education experiences in areas which were chosen to be pertaining to staffing ratios, participant ratings of outdoor leaders, group processes and program outcomes. This paper is primarily a review of the research literature on the effect of gender on people's outdoor education experiences because while a reasonable body of research exists, there is a rarity in reviews of the research literature which draw on insights from the anecdotal literature. Although a comprehensive understanding of the impact that gender differences have in outdoor education is not yet developed, the interest in the filed is increasing and answers to such questions are starting to become available. With this research, it is hope that outdoor educators can make adjustments to their programs to account for gender differences. Preliminary research indicates that there are two types of literature on the influence of gender in outdoor education. The first type comprises articles and books based mostly on accumulated experience and anecdotal evidence of outdoor education practitioners. ... 2.0 Review of Related Literature 2.1Types of Gender Literature in Outdoor Education Preliminary research indicates that there are two types of literature on the influence of gender in outdoor education. The first type comprises articles and books based mostly on accumulated experience and anecdotal evidence of outdoor education practitioners. In the 1960's and 1970's, the literature pertained mostly about outdoor education for delinquent boys but the 1980's and the 1990's registered a shift in emphasis as the works became mostly authored by women who tended to focus on expressing and explaining females' experiences of the outdoors in single-sex and mixed-sex settings. The second type of gender literature in outdoor education is research studies which use qualitative and/or quantitative methodologies. The majority of these studies does not investigate the role of gender in outdoor education but mentions gender as a variable in studies of the processes and outcomes of outdoor education. While the dichotomy is not clear for many the outdoor education, the two sources of literature are distinct and make surprisingly little use of each other. As an example, in her introduction to a recent book "Women's Voices in Experiential Education", Angelou (1996) commented that: "I find it noteworthy that no authors in this volume use quantitative justification as a basis for their essays...the experiences and voices of women are the foundation for hypothesis and analysis for contributors to this text" (p.4). On the other hand, the literature remarkably lacks a critical analysis in its reporting of gender-related outdoor education findings with the results often presented in a couple of sentences while the discussions rarely utilize the

BIO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

BIO - Essay Example For example, research reveals that the soil is mostly polluted by release of heavy metals by vehicles. It occurs is a number of ways such as fluid leakage, combustion and corrosion of metals. Another issue is marine and coastal pollution. These causes of this problem are human activities, oil spills and sewage (Aslam et al. 316). The third issue is the development of artificial islands; it has been a big concern to environmentalist because of impacts on marine life. The artificial islands in Dubai are likely to damage the growth of reefs and affect native habitat. Additionally, material used to construct the islands affect the water; the water gets dirty (Butler). The UAE is well aware of the mentioned issues, and they are working together with international agencies to curb such issues. Companies operating quarries are regulated by Dubai Municipality. The municipality also measures the quality of air throughout UAE. Pollution from automobiles will be reduced by introduction of cleaner compressed gas. The gas will be available for trucks, buses, and taxis that have been the main contributors to air pollution (Mills). Aslam Junaid, Khan Saeed Ahmad and Khan Sheba Haque. â€Å"Heavy metals contamination in roadside soil near different traffic signals in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.† Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 17 (2013): 315–319.

Survey and analysis of recent and emerging malware (viruses, spyware, Essay

Survey and analysis of recent and emerging malware (viruses, spyware, trojans - Essay Example Moreover, cyber criminals or hackers have been discovering effective codes, by the day, to enhance the hacking tools that are required to break into confidential information like website customer details or bank passwords etc. Eventually, ‘the mission critical data’ is exposed, causing severe losses for organizations. These scenarios occur due to deficiency of security. Internet searches make available a thousand or more definitions to describe ‘security’. The definition of security, in the context of data theft on the internet, consists of concerns linked to i) communication privacy on the network, ii) data confidentiality over the network, iii) unauthorized access to classified data, iv) entry into prohibited network domains and v) internet utilization for hidden communication. A proposal will be put forward that encompasses issues associated with data theft and its effects on Internet users. The consequent part will highlight effective approaches and tact ics to eradicate data theft. In addition, a few famous Internet crimes will be attached in the proposal in relevance to issues concerning privacy of data and Internet security. If an organization is affected by a security breach, in some cases, it is complex to calculate risks related to information assets present on the network. Likewise, it depends on the severity of the threat that may have caused large disruptions in network-based services. This is the point where digital forensic expert are incorporated for identifying the threat, impact and network incidents caused by it. Organizations experience new techniques and methods from an ongoing investigation by a digital forensic expert. Likewise, the point of interception, methodology and protection etc. are considered to be critical. Moreover, financial institutions are keener to adopt forensic analysis, as this domain including business model and nature of the data, cannot compromise on security. For instance, master card,

Harry Wong Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Harry Wong Article - Essay Example Harry Wong emphasizes upon the importance of creating a good first impression and therefore stresses on even the minor aspects of the first day, starting from the dress to the delivering of a lecture. According to Harry Wong, it is the teacher’s attitude that determines the level and quality of response received from the students. He states that, ‘Students tend to learn as little or as much as their teachers expect.’ Provided that the teacher has an encouraging and positive attitude, the students too will portray their best. It is therefore important, not to expect too little nor too much from them. However, at the same time, it is in the first class that she can create a proper class environment, laying down certain expectations that will be expected of them. He states that the three most essential things that must be laid down clearly and established in the first week are discipline, procedure and routine, and these must not only show in attitude but also in her lecture and in her style of conducting the class. Harry Wong also stresses upon the necessity of the teacher familiarizing with the students from the very beginning; addressing them by their names and encouraging them to be more open with their ideas rather than to remain shy and hesitant. It is only with the proper attitude of the teacher that the student will be encouraged to open up. Moreover, to ensure maximum student output, the teacher must design her lesson in a manner that will demand the maximum response from the student rather than increased input from the teacher. Multiple activities should be carried out in class that will give the teacher an overall impression of what the student understands from his/her lectures. Moreover, tests should also be frequently taken to ensure higher achievement. One of the most important guidelines laid down by Harry Wong is that the teacher must exercise a self-enhancing behavior rather than a

Stress management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Stress management - Essay Example mangers account for their time by assigning themselves work at respective times and using the timetable as a guide to ensuring the completion of each task. Without effective planning, people spend more time completing a single task thus wasting productive time in leisure at the expense of the organization as he portrayed by Chet in the case. At the epicenter of time, planning is punctuality a rule that Chet flaunts while at the organization. Punctuality is a virtue that accords an individual ample time to rest and carry out the tasks within the time limit thus not hurrying. It is easier to work at a relaxed mood since the mind is at ease and less likely to make mistakes. Chet is not prompt at the organization and therefore works under pressure a feature that facts the quality of his productivity. In his dispensation of duty, Chet flaunts a number of time management rules that include delegation, time limits and include subordinates in solution making. Setting a time limit arises from planning to thus develop an effective timetable. Lack of such a fundamental tie management tool makes the organization operate blindly thus resulting in losses. Decision-making is equally important in an organization, by incorporating subordinate in the process they contribute and feel appreciated by the organization. It becomes a motivation and may result in the subordinate contributing production ideas they are conversant with thus will take minimal time mastering a feature that improves the aptness of production. This way, the organization saves on time taken to teach the employees new methods of production, Chet on the other hand does not incorporate his subordinates in the decision making process and prefer to impose ideas on them. They fail to execute his orders appropriately thus contributing to his stress. From the case, it is evident that the organization also contributes to Chet’s predicament. The organizational structure does not have an effective communication channel

Investigating and Applying an Ethical Framework to a Nursing Scenario Essay

Investigating and Applying an Ethical Framework to a Nursing Scenario - Essay Example The Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee model (2005) suggests seven steps for decision-making. The first step is stating the problem while the second step is about getting the facts about the problem (Freegard, 2006). The case study reviews the problem and the later part of the essay provides an evaluation of the ethical issue in accordance with the model. The case scenario relates the account of a seventeen year old girl Judy who had been admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) with acute medical pain. Judy’s provisional diagnosis was Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) until the doctors got the report for her medical tests taken in the ED. The main issues of the case study are given in the table below. â€Å"she can’t be in that much pain, she rolls over to sleep when she thinks we are not watching her, yet soon as she sees us she asks for Morphine†¦ if she is going to get herself an infection then she should live with the consequences† The negligence, lack of documentation of charts and prompt response to patient, discrimination and absence of proper care and compassion, lack of compliance to instructions of DMO by the nurses are some of the legal issues. They also let personal biases prejudice their care, as pelvic inflammatory disease is often caused by sexual intercourse, an assumption that has led the nurse to treat Judy disdainfully. They were also not cooperative with their colleague, Sue, and derided her. There was no follow up on ectopic pregnancy, which, as it turned out later, was the underlying cause of the severe abdominal pain. The third step in Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee model of decision-making entails analysis of the fundamental ethical principles. A framework to analyze the fundamental ethical principles commonly used in bioethics, called principlism, includes four guiding principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice (Butts & Rich, 2005). Anwari (2008) states that beneficence and non-maleficence are old concepts

ECON Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

ECON - Essay Example The prices are usually categorized according to age where senior members pay more than the young generation while VIP tickets sells more than terraces. The categories have created price discrimination in the market even though the service offered is the same. The industry can be described as a competitive market where entry and exit are free. As more industries make more money, many firms are expected to join the market. But there is less government support as they see no value in the service provision and assumes population growth rate is on the decline. However, it seems all this are based on baseless facts and the reality is that, demand is increasing and so should the supply. Price is majorly determined by the owners and is usually distributed among the population so that they can attract more sales. The market though does experience a lot of competition from other quotas2. This major competitor has been the National Television live streaming that is almost free to the consumers at their door steps. Hence, the less privileged in the society resorts to in house entertainment rather than spend exorbitantly on the grand cinemas. The market is hence denied a lot of revenue reducing their profitability in the industry. Demand and supply are two economic policies that majorly dictate the consumption patterns by the consumers. Data from the governmental surveys shows an increase in population in the near future. The demand would increase as the grand cinemas becomes most satisfactorily. Population census also suggests that the young generations are the majority groups attracted to grand cinemas. The fluctuations are expected to increase the demand adding to the fact that leisure has become a priority to other populace3. Due to the rise in demand and for the market to clear out, supply is expected to increase that will reduce the market equilibrium prices so that the general consumer can gain from the venture. Below is a

The sun protection behaviors of sports oriented young adults Essay Example for Free

The sun protection behaviors of sports oriented young adults Essay Lawler et al. (2007) studied the sun protection behaviors of sports oriented young adults in accordance with their sun exposures. This research will be helpful as skin cancer is increasing especially in the Australian region (p. 230). There is an increased possibility of acquiring skin cancer in one’s later years if an individual had a frequent sun exposure in his/her young adult age. Being actively engaged in certain sports is a major factor for habitual exposure to the sun (p. 230). Higher rates of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma were observed in the year 2001-2002. In a recent longitudinal study in 1993-1997, young adults were reported to have increased their sun exposure, but not their sun protection. Moreover, using objective measure technique, past researches discovered that elite athletes exceeded their sun exposure limits. A recent study also observed that 85% of college athletes don’t wear sunscreens even after a week of doing sports under the sun. Young men and women, 237 in number, aged 18-30 years old were contacted though the online yellow pages by using convenience sampling techniques. They were actively participating in four outdoor sports namely: hockey, tennis, soccer, and surf lifesaving. 20 paged, self-administered surveys were completed by the young competitors. The survey was based on previous measures that were published regarding sun protective behaviors and exposures (p. 231). Moreover, with items based on previous studies, the researchers measured the history of sunburn and sun protective measures namely: types of clothing worn, hats and shades worn, and application of sunscreen. Data were analyzed using SPSS version on 13. 0 for Windows. These revealed basic descriptive analysis on gender, skin type, and skin reactions. The sun protective behaviors were analyzed using chi-square. Results may not be 100% reliable because only participants for the most recent sports competition were included in the study, there were only four kinds of sports observed, and there were more female participants. The study revealed that almost half of the participants experienced sun burn with the surf sports participants being the most burnt. Hockey participants reported to have the least amount of sun exposure. Surf participants were observed to have the highest rates of sunscreen use and reapplication. As with previous studies, soccer and hockey players revealed that women applied more sunscreen than men; but this may not be accurate with other sports (p. 234) Tennis and surf lifesaving participants were reported to have greater tendencies to wear hats. Longer sun exposure and less clothing requirements in sports pose increased risks for skin cancer development. This study helps the cancer association by encouraging health promotions among young, sports oriented persons to decrease their sun exposure while increasing their physical activities. This case cries out for the improvement of certain approaches to sun protection in events regarding outdoor sports, especially with participating young adults. This may be done by a number of strategies like arranging game schedules and changing uniform rules. The study poses a significant help with the case of the next generation’s health and for the betterment of this topic’s future researches.

Economics question and answer Essay Example for Free

Economics question and answer Essay Economics: question and answer Introduction Question 1            War unrest in Middle East has negatively impacted on the price and quantity of oil in the market. The expectation of war from Syria and Iraq to spread to Middle East countries cause fear of possible shortages of supply as people may possibly do without oil. As a result people will buy more to store in preparation for future shortages. As the demand increases, price of oil goes up as people anticipate war unrest in the near future. When eventually the war sets in oil production is disrupted but people do not demand more since they had enough to cushion the scarcity (Kemp, 2013). In the graph illustration below, assuming the market was initially at the equilibrium. Since scarcity is expected in future people will by more (high demand) to spare for future. As the demand increase from 150 units to 350 units, the price also increases accordingly from $0.25 to $ 0.35. Graphical illustration 3411220146431000 Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1: when people expect civil unrest the demand is high but and the prices go up. Question 2            Car and petro are complimentary good that are consumed together. Taxation on one of the complimentary products greatly influences the price of the other good. The increase in price of one good causes a corresponding decrease in the price of the other good and vice versa. For instance, taxing petrol increase its price, leading to high demand for high fuel efficient cars. Increase in demand for high fuel efficient cars results to increased price and vice versa. On the other hand increase in price for petrol leads to decrease in demand for low fuel efficient cars thus leading to their low price (Dwivedi, 2012). Many thus will buy high fuel efficient cars Graphical illustration Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 2: price of petrol increases when tax is imposed Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 3 this graph shows increase in demand and price for high fuel efficient when the price for petrol increases due to taxation Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 4: the graph show decrease in demand for high fuel efficient cars when the price of petrol goes up Question 3            The fact that suppliers cannot sell live chicken directly to consumers coupled with the fear of mass death due to anticipated chicken flu results to high supply in the market. When supply increases beyond demand the price falls down. In addition since the health official are the only buyers a monopolistic competition comes into play since the price for chicken is not control by the market forces of demand and supply (Taylor, Weerapana, 2012). The equilibrium the will shift to the right. Graphical illustration lefttop Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 5 : Excess supplies of chicken in the market results to low demand and eventually falls in price. The farmer expects future unfavorable condition due to outbreak of chicken flue. Question 4 Price elasticity of demand is the measure of responsive of the quantity demanded of a product to price change with other factors held ( Dwivedi, 2012). Price Elasticity of Demand (PEoD) = percentage change in quantity demanded (%ΔQ) à · percentage change in price (%ΔP) %ΔQ = 35 -50 / 50 Ãâ€"100 = -30% %ΔP = 8 -6 / 6 Ãâ€"100 = 33.33% Therefore, PEoD = -30 %/ 33.33% = -0.900            As economists we are not interested with the negative sign of our price elasticity of demand and therefore we take the absolute value. Therefore, the price elasticity of demand when price increases from $6 to $ 8 is 0.9. Interpretation.            For the above case the demand for the good is price inelastic. This means that the demand for the product does not respond highly ton price changes. As evident in the computation, an increase of price by 33.3 % of the price results to a corresponding decrease of quantity demanded by 30%. The demand thus is not very sensitive to price changes. Question 5(a)            Externality is an effect or a cost of the consumer behavior that may not be borne by the consumer but by the society. This mean s that the effects are caused by the consumer but the society bears the consequences. Tobacco smoking is among the activities that cause externalities. For instance narcotic in tobacco is believed to cause lung cancer to smokers. However the external cost of providing medical care to smokers is borne by non-smokers, by smokers and the government. Additionally environmental pollution due to smoking is borne by the family members of the smoker’s friends and even non-smokers strangers. Moreover, smoking has environmental externalities that involve deforestation to create room for tobacco growing. Agrochemical used in tobacco production also adds to environmental pollution and degradation. Cigarette wastes are common in all cities, sidewalks and around homes. Although majority of these wastes are biodegradable, the filter and plastic wr appers and remain in the environment for long and the consequences of such pollution are felt by the larger society. 5(b)            The Australian government in its attempt to control and minimize the external costs resulting from tobacco imposes high tax on tobacco. High taxation on tobacco increases the cost and as a result the demand for tobacco decreases. The tax imposed is transferred by producers to the consumers (smokers). When this happens, the demand curve will shift from right to left as indicated in the graph. Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 6: (Tax increase the price for tobacco leading to low demand and eventually low consumption) Question 6            When entry barriers are eliminated in the market huge number of firms enters the industry resulting to excessive supply of commodities. In a market where entry barriers are limited the price of commodities is determined by the market forces since no firm has control over the market. Excessive supply that is created results to low prices of goods and services offered. In response the price the price goes down due to competition from other firm. As a result, the profit that firms were making initially decreases due. Graphical illustration 1627833top00 Question 7            Oligopolistic market structures is a type of market where by small number of larger firms control the market jointly. The firms trade in almost similar goods. Oligopolistic firms do not engage in price competetion (Vives, 2001).Basing our argument on the game theory; where the actions one firm depend on those of other firms, it is evident that when for instance one firm lowers its price compared to other firms, customers will be attracted by the lower prices resulting to other firms making economical loss in their operation. In response to this the other will lower their price slighted below the initial firm eventually attracting the customers. The other firms in the market will make loss and eventually respond by making their prices much lower compared to other firms. This process continues until the firms sell at economically a low price that is illustrated by kinked curves (Vives, 2001).There to remain competitive and make profit do not engage in price competiti on. Alternatives to price completion            Oligopolistic firms compete by using alternative modes such as advertisement, product differentiation and barrier to entry in the market. Oligopolistic firms undertake a vigorous advertisement of their products both in national and international levels. Advertisement is made to make potential customers aware of the existence of the product in the market and the good qualities associated with such good and services (Taylor Weerapana, 2012). Advertisement is carried out through mass media and product promotion. In addition oligopolistic firms constantly differentiate their products in terms of quality and always struggle to come up with new products design that outshine those of competitors. In the recent era product differentiation has been enhanced by ever growing technology and innovation. Since oligopolistic firms compete in almost similar goods and services coming up with new products with good qualities gives a firm advantage over its market rivals. For instan ce phones manufacturing firms have constantly developed phone with new applications to remain competitive.            Furthermore, the firms create market entry barriers to new firms, a strategy that ensures that the existing share of market. The common market barriers include the patent rights, important government franchises and the existing economies of scale. These barriers ensure that the market is not flooded by many firms that in the long run may reduce the existing firms’ share of the market control. References Dwivedi, D. N. (2012). Microeconomics. New Delhi, India: Pearson Education/Dorling Kindersley. Kemp, G. (2013). War with Iran: Political, military, and economic consequences. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Taylor, J. B., Weerapana, A. (2012). Principles of microeconomics. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning Vives, X. (2001). Oligopoly pricing: Old ideas and new tools. Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.: MIT Press Source document

Opportunities Within The Vietnamese Market Marketing Essay

Opportunities Within The Vietnamese Market Marketing Essay This report conducts researches and analyzes the opportunities and risks of developing chocolate business in Vietnam in the respect of economic, political, legal, social, cultural, geographical and climatic environment. Moreover, the report evaluates the conditions by rating them as low, medium and high level. After analyzing the detailed factors in Vietnam, the opportunities outweigh risks to a large extent, especially the open trade policy including supporting foreign investment, which leads to further recommendations that Vietnam should be reflected as the potential market to expand chocolate business for Swiss manufacturer and it is feasible to set up factory. Vietnam has experienced market-oriented economic reforms since 1986, which gave rise to speedy economic development. Over the period of 1991 to 2005, GDP growth rate in Vietnam achieved around 7.9% (Consumer Lifestyles in Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2008). In the mean time, Vietnamese economy has become one of Asian largest economies with nominal GDP of $ 436 billion and $92.439 billion in 2009. According to the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) conducted by the GSO every two years, the average income per person in Vietnam in 2006 was VND636,000 per month or VND7.63 million per year, an increase of 31.3% from 2004 (Consumer Lifestyles in Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2008), which was on account of the countrys excellent economic performance. On this condition, the Vietnamese are able to buy more consumer goods even high-priced products like fair trade chocolate because increasing disposable incomes mean advancing purchasing capability to a certain degree. Over the past ten years, there were a serious of new trade policies issued to intensify trade liberalization atmosphere and the key aspects are as follows: Firstly, restrictions on quantitative import products have been dismantled to a large extent (on all products except sugar and petroleum products); secondly, due to meaningful cutback in tariffs, the level of regional protectionism has been reduced; thirdly, the obstructions on foreign direct investment (FDI) has been released; finally, government inspired private-sector to take part in foreign trade and set up business ventures (Athukorala, P-C, 2006). Moreover, on November 7, 2006, Vietnam joined the WTO being the 150th Member of the WTO with primary trading partners such as China, Japan, Australia, ASEAN (the Association of South East Asian Nations) countries, the U.S. and Western European countries. There are improvements in two main areas: In service, Vietnam is committed to removing the limits on foreign ownership in most sectors but this can be phased out in different stages; in trading rights, the WTO commitments declare that all domestic and foreign firms have full rights to import and export under the same registration procedures. Trading rights also include the right to distribute imported products in Vietnams territory and the right to choose local distributors (Tien Quang Tran, T. Q., 2008). Consequently, there are less obstructions for Swiss chocolate manufacturer to build manufactory and extend services in Vietnam. More significantly, Swiss producer is able to cooperate with local private-sectors like material suppliers, which endows it with more bargain power due to the favourable trade policies. 2.1.3 Encouragement of foreign investment (high level) Since the early stage of renovation reforms, the Vietnamese government has realized the significant role of FDI for economic transition and development. In recent years, the government is collecting helpful information to bring down the barriers weakened the attraction of FDI and make further step to improve Vietnams investment climate by leading regular semi-annual meetings,. On 1 July 2006, a new law called Investment Law issued by the National Assembly came into effect. The law was put forward with the view of treating the investment activities of both foreign and domestic investors uniformly and inducing a new wave of foreign investment (Tran, T. Q., 2008). Furthermore, the Investment Law is essential to establish more open investment climate and integrate into the international market to meeting WTO principles such as the most-favoured nation, and publicity and transparency principles. Over the past three years, foreign investment in Vietnam grew approximate threefold than the past (Tran, T. Q., 2008). For example, Microsoft and Intel invested 10 million in Vietnam respectively, the Swiss Banks developed shipping industry by financing one billion U.S. dollars, and Taiwans Hon Hai Group contributed 5 billion U.S. dollars in Vietnam to create Hong Haidi country. According to statistics from Vietnams foreign investment administration department, the scale of FDI has reached 160 billion in 2007, with growth rate of 57% compared with 102 billion dollars in 2006. Under these circumstances, there could be more space and opportunities for Swiss fair trade chocolate manufacturer to open up new market in Vietnam on account of less legal restrictions and more encouragement from local government. In addition, when Swiss manufacturer comes up against difficulties, it is necessary for local government to spare no effort to stretch support hand. 2.1.4 Expanding distribution channels (medium level) Since Vietnam entered into the WTO, supermarkets/hypermarkets turn to be principal distribution channels with wide variety of products and a pleasant shopping experience instead of small grocery retailers. For instance, a company called Saigon Nguyen Kim (Sai Gon-Nguyen Kim) opened one shopping center CMC Square in Ho Chi Minh City. CMC Square covers an area of 4,000 square meters, which is able to receive tens of thousands of customers per day. It will be the flagship store among the existing 9 branches which located in the capital Hanoi, Can Tho, Da Nang and Binh Duong Province and other cities. At the moment, the investigation shows that the sales of chocolate confectionery were increasingly sold via supermarkets/hypermarkets (Chocolate Confectionery Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2009, p.2). More importantly, chocolate is one kind of food which has high requirement for temperature, therefore, the advanced storage condition such as operating air-conditions will contribute t o prolong its storage period and ensure its delicious taste. 2.1.5 Labour cost (medium level) The labour cost in Vietnam is in low level compared with other Asian countries like China. On the one hand, this is an advantage for Swiss chocolate producer to set up manufactory, which is an important factor in saving cost and enables Swiss manufacturer to invest more in promote technical equipments and personnel training. 2.2 Liberalisation in Political Environment (medium level) Until December 2007, Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 172 countries. In recent years, the government of Vietnam has taken initiatives to locking in domestic (unilateral) liberalisation reforms by committing itself to play an active role in regional, bilateral and multilateral trade liberalisation initiatives (Athukorala, P-C, 2006). This kind of political environment with freedom and open-mind creates democratic business atmosphere for Swiss chocolate producer. Besides, as shown in a enterprise survey conducted by World Bank, it seems that Vietnam has a better ranking compared to all other Asian countries like China and Thailand (Tran, T. Q., 2008, p. 1193). In a word, the stable political situation and high level of security help to bring about low risk for Swiss manufacturer. 2.3 Social and Cultural Aspect 2.3.1 Open attitude to foreign cultures and brands (high level) Beginning from the 1990s, Vietnam has been exposed to foreign cultures like Southeast Asian, European and American culture. Under this influence, local customers are prefer to purchase foreign brands and they consider that international goods own higher quality than local brands with their established names (Chocolate Confectionery Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2009, p.2). In recent years, many famous foreign brands have entered the market, including Giordano, Levi, Valentino, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Calvin Klein, LOreal and Shiseido. Clothes, handbags, perfumes and cosmetics have enjoyed an annual growth rate of 30% in the Vietnamese market. At the same time, the number and value of imported cars and motorbikes in Vietnam has increased significantly as a result of a decrease in the import tariff on cars from 90% to 60%. Vietnam imported 28,000 cars in 2007, of which 5,000 cars were imported in December at a value of USD73 million (Consumer Lifestyles in Vietnam, Euromonitor In ternational, 2008, p.2). In view of the current tendency, Swiss fair trade chocolate is able to seize market share due to its high reputation with long history and fantastic taste. 2.3.2 Promotion by public media (medium level) Public media especially TV play important role in transmitting foreign culture and increasing awareness of international brands. Almost 95% of Vietnamese households now have electricity connections compared to only 50% in the early 1990s. Vietnamese people like to watch television in their spare time. In rural areas, people usually visit each other after work to have dinner, talk and enjoy television programs (Consumer Lifestyles in Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2008, p.17). Vietnamese can acquire sufficient information regarding the advantages of chocolate. As the promotion by public media, Vietnamese consumers normally purchased chocolate as a gift for a special occasion such as Tet Holidays, birthdays and especially Valentines Day (Chocolate Confectionery Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2009, p.2). Moreover, it is more popular that they even consume chocolate as daily consumption goods. 2.3.3 Customers preference of luxury goods (medium level) Some of Vietnamese consumers often shop expensive products even unnecessary to their daily life to define their role and social class in the community to distinguish from other people (Consumer Lifestyles in Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2008, p. 2-2). Especially, the newly emerging affluent classes in Vietnam want to establish themselves as connoisseurs of fashion and use the ownership of foreign brands to show off their wealth and status (Consumer Lifestyles in Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2008, p. 2-1). This phenomenon is beneficial to Swiss chocolate to become popular consumer items. 2.3.4 Majority of teens (medium-high level) As shown in Table 2, people aged 10-24 years are in the majority for many years with approximate 30-31% of the total population due to the uncontrolled birth rate of the 1970s and 1980s (Consumer Lifestyles in Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2008, p. 3-1). In 2007, there were 12.7 million teens in Vietnam. Table 2 Population by Age and Gender (% analysis and % growth): 1995/2007/2015/1995-2007/2007-2015 Source: National statistics, UN, Euromonitor International This teens group are more sensitive to external factors such as fashion trends from other countries which will exert great effect on their choice of clothes, hairstyle and snacks. One the one hand, some of them are still students whose parents give pocket money to, hence, they can make some of their own decisions on what to buy or what to eat. On the other hand, some of them may have started to work to earn their own income and already have adequate purchasing power to decide what to buy. Therefore, this target customer group will be the limitless resources for Swiss chocolate producer to explore. 2.4 Proximity to China and Thailand (medium level) It is bordered by China to the north and close to Thailand as well. The geographical position could attract large numbers of tourists especially those are from China and Thailand. On the situation, there are huge potential customers who may purchase Swiss fair trade chocolate when they are appealed to the exquisite design combined with local specialty. 3 RISKS IN VIETNAM 3.1 Incomplete Tariff Structure Reform (medium level) Over the past years, although Vietnamese government has made significant development in market economy such as rationalizing the tariff structure, the tariffs are still at high level and non-uniform (Athukorala, P-C, 2006), which means that if Swiss manufacturer produces chocolates offshore and transports them to Vietnam, it may take higher cost than producing in Vietnam. 3.2 Legal Aspect 3.2.1 Insufficient protection of intellectual property rights (medium-high level) Vietnam has devoted to protect intellectual property rights (IPR) in these years including integrating itself with APEC cooperation activities in the intellectual property area implemented through the APEC Intellectual Property Rights Experts Group (IPEG) (Nha Trang, 2007, p.5). Nevertheless, as shown in Table 3, there is still inadequate emphasis on the protection of IPR and the number of companies which have registered industrial property only account for 25% over all of operating companies. In addition, the activities of IP infringement are turning more frequent and increasingly complex. Under this kind of circumstance, there are almost no Vietnamese companies to set up IP departments or appoint commissioners to take charge of managing companies IP assets. As a result, when Swiss producer enters into Vietnam market, it is inevitable to be in the face of the risk of tort and possible that there is no enough legal support. Table 3 Software Piracy Rates by Countries Source from: Business Software Alliance (BSA) and IDC Global Software Piracy Study, 2005 3.2.2 Less corruption than other Asian countries (medium level) In Vietnam there are about 50% of companies are likely to bribe such as giving gifts to tax inspectors. However, corruption is less and the amount and value of bribe is lower than other Asian countries including China and Thailand. In particular, senior managers in Vietnam have to spend about six percent of their weekly time in dealing with the requirements of government regulations (Tran, T. Q., 2008). Whats more, there is high confidence for enterprises paying lower costs for security and crime owning to the advanced legal system in Vietnam. Consequently, this corruption may not impose too much negative influence on the businesses and investments of Swiss chocolate manufacturer. 3.3 Social and Cultural Aspect 3.3.1 Customer with price-conscious (medium level) Some of Vietnamese consumers were very price-conscious and they may cut back expenditure when they are against recession period. More important, fair trade chocolate is more expensive than normal one, which may be labeled as an unessential luxury goods. Accordingly, they may ignore the high-price goods to save their money (Chocolate Confectionery Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2009, p.1). 3.3.2 Intensive competition (high level) Internal competition Currently, there are two dominant chocolate companies in Vietnam Nestlà © Vietnam Ltd and Mars Vietnam Inc, which has set up stable prestige with well-known chocolate brands such as MMs, Mars, Goplana and KitKat. In 2008, Nestlà © Vietnam Ltd took up 10% share of value sales in chocolate confectionery, and Mars Vietnam Inc took second position with only 0.1% behind Nestlà ©. They enjoyed the advantages of first mover, and are more experienced than local manufacturers in this category (Chocolate Confectionery Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2009, p.2). Moreover, Belcholat JSC experienced the largest increase in actual value sales at VND8.1 billion in 2008. On the fact of this, it is difficult for Swiss manufacturer to occupy adequate large market share compared with its competitors, especially Nestlà © is from Switzerland as well. External competition There are various local sweet and savoury snacks and sugar confectionery such as chips/crisps, snack bars and fruit snacks in Vietnam, which means that Swiss producer faces high threat of substitutes. Local manufacturers have more experience in making appetizing snacks with diversified taste, sizes and prices satisfying different customers (Chocolate Confectionery Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2009, p.2). On this condition, it is possible for fair trade chocolate to lose large market share to these snacks in the niche segment due to its high price and the demands for alternatives options will increase more than chocolate (Chocolate Confectionery Vietnam, Euromonitor International, 2009, p.3). 3.4 Unstable Weather (medium level) Vietnams climate is Subtropical monsoon with large rainfall and high humidity, and the weather is unsteady especially in the mountains and plateaus which may be 5  Ã‚ °C in December and January and 37  Ã‚ °C in July and August, and the average annual temperature is higher in the plains and in the south. In particular, in recent period, the temperature in winter is higher than before. The changing weather exerts negative impact on producing and storing up chocolate for manufacturers. 4 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION After the first step of analysis of Vietnam, firstly, at the aspect of economic environment, on the one hand, it is visible that the open economic environment with increasing disposable incomes and expanding distribution channels will give positive influence on building chocolate market for Swiss enterprise. In particular, the increasing relaxed and open-minded trade policies including encouraging foreign investment illustrate that there is less unfair treatment for foreign companies and when they face such one they could ask help for government and law with more opportunities to solve problems. On the other hand, the tariff structure reform is still on the way and there are a lot of disadvantages and irrationality. By measuring the pros and cons, it is considered that the opportunities in economic aspect have great weigh than risks. Secondly, in terms of social and cultural surroundings, Vietnam culture is affected by foreign culture largely in recent years, especially the teenagers accounting for the majority of Vietnam population are willing to accept international fashion and brands, with the aid of public medias propaganda. Although there are some Vietnam are still traditional price-conscious, more and more people could afford and be glad to purchase luxury goods to orientate their social position. However, the fierce competition in Vietnam chocolate business is a huge risk for Swiss manufacturer who is later mover because it should take long period to set up its social prestige and be difficult to compete with these first movers. As a result, it is necessary to weigh the opportunities and risks further. Thirdly, the dramatic weather exert negative impact on setting up manufactory because chocolate is one kind of the temperature-sensitive snakes. It will take more costs to produce chocolate and keep them in storage. Nevertheless, combined with other factors such as tariff and labour cost, it may be cost-saving in Vietnam than in other Asian countries. Hence, after doing research on Vietnam climate and geography, it is advocated that Swiss chocolate company could establish factory in north of Vietnam and in plain and it should take more effort to consider the exact position of manufactory in the next step. In a word, by weighing the opportunities and risks mentioned above, Vietnam is still a potential market for Swiss chocolate enterprise to expand service and set up plant. Certainly, it should make further effort to explore the feasibility by conducting more marketing investigation.

Descriptive Essay- Describing Bass Guitar :: description essay, observation essay

Description paper You can describe an object a few ways. Depending on what that object is, you have to decide on the best manner of analyzing it. If you were describing a musical instrument like a bass or guitar, the physical description might be sufficient. However, to a musician there's a lot more to it. Sitting in a music stand in the corner of a room right now is a bass. This bass looks very simple to the eye, but actually has a lot more detail than you think. To the normal eye, someone sees a smooth body shape with a long wooden neck overlapping and continuing vertically up. This requires a closer look. Zooming in closer at the neck, little dots start to appear. These markings are like reminders of what notes are to be played by the musician. They start to shine a bit in a chrome-type reflection. Underneath those dots is the actual neck, which looks like a smooth, flat-tone wood. Also on that same neck are what look like sectioned off pieces. Metal bars go horizontally across the neck to mark off certain notes. These bars get closer together as the neck gets closer to the body. When a finger is pressed down between two of these bars, a note is signified. Above the neck is what is called a head. On this particular body-shape, are metallic knobs called machine-heads, which tighten or loosen the strings depending on which way they’re rotated. On the other side of this neck is the largest part of the bass. This is the body. The body can be any number of shapes. This particular shape is like a glossy black melted figure eight with horns. The horns point toward the head of the bass. The right horn is a bit higher than the left. These details have to do with making the bass comfortable to hold and play. In the center of the body are plastic bars with magnetic studs lined up under the strings. These magnets pick up the vibrations from the strings and create a number of sounds.

Shakespeares Hamlet - Regarding Gertrude Essay -- Essays on Shakespear

Regarding Hamlet’s Gertrude  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare’s most famous tragedy Hamlet, the audience meets a queen who is a former and present queen. She was unhappy before – how does she feel now? Is she evil, guilty, motherly, lascivious? The multiple aspects of her personality deserve our attention.    Angela Pitt in â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies† comments that Shakespeare’s Gertrude in Hamlet is, first and foremost, a mother:    Gertrude evinces no such need to justify her actions and thereby does not betray any sense of guilt. She is concerned with her present good fortune, and neither lingers over the death of her first husband nor analyses her motives in taking another. . . .She seems a kindly, slow-witted, rather self-indulgent woman, in no way the emotional or intellectual equal of her son. . . . Certainly she is fond of Hamlet. Not only is she prepared to listen to him when he storms at her, proof that he is sufficiently close to her to have a right to make comments on   her personal life, but she is unfailingly concerned about him. (46-47)    Gunnar Bokland in â€Å"Hamlet† describes Gertrude’s moral descent during the course of Shakespeare’s Hamlet:    With Queen Gertrude and finally also Laertes deeply involved in a situation of increasing ugliness, it becomes clear that, although Claudius and those who associate with him are not the incarnations of evil that Hamlet sees in them, they are corrupt enough from any balanced point of view, a condition that is also intimated by the â€Å"heavy-headed revel† that distinguishes life at the Danish court. (123)    Gertrude’s â€Å"contamination† does indeed affect the hero. Courtney Lehmann and Lisa S. Starks in "Making Mother Matter: Repression... ...    Lehmann, Courtney and Lisa S. Starks. "Making Mother Matter: Repression, Revision, and the Stakes of 'Reading Psychoanalysis Into' Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet." Early Modern Literary Studies 6.1 (May, 2000): 2.1-24 <URL: http://purl.oclc.org/emls/06-1/lehmhaml.htm>.    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint of Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.    Smith, Rebecca. â€Å"Gertrude: Scheming Adulteress or Loving Mother?† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of â€Å"Hamlet†: A User’s Guide. New York: Limelight Editions, 1996.   

Facts and Innovation of Education in China Essay -- Education Chinese

Facts and Innovation of Education in China I lived in a city and had a standard high school student life as others. I got up at 7:00 in the morning and tried not to be late for the morning class which is half an hour later. Then I had 9 classes till 5:00 in the afternoon, during which I could eat my one-hour-long lunch. Even at night and on weekends, I had to deal with tons of homework and tests, or locked myself in the classroom. It sounds crazy to have only one day per week free without classes or to stay at school more than at home, but millions of Chinese students are experiencing both situations. One research reveals that nearly 7 out of 10 students in Beijing have to attend classes during winter breaks. Another says that 67% of high school students have less than 7 hours sleep per day and about 42% students have less than half an hour free time per day. Half of them have no free time at all. For most high students in China, all the hard work aims at one thing, and the thing is called the National College Entrance Examination. In fact, it’s an exam which lasts 2 or 3 days depending individually on provinces, takes place nationally and synchronously, and the final score of the exam determines which college a student may get in. Although students fill out forms indicating several colleges they would like to apply to, the fact is they merely have one chance basically, which is the first choice. And once a student fails to get in his first choice, his chances of getting into other colleges are enormously decreased because the spaces have been filled already. Mostly, the Entrance Examination is the only way a college evaluates and admits a student. And in China, a good college degree more or less guarantees a promisi... ...a crushing fairer education environment. Work Cited: Jiajie Li, â€Å"Yang Zhenning jiaoshou bijiao zhongmei jiaoyu† (Prof. Zhenning Yang compares education between China and the US), Guangming Daily, June 18, 2004. Maolin Ye, â€Å"Dui Zhongguo fazhan mingban jiaoyu de sikao† (Thoughts about developing private schools in China); available from http://edu.tom.com/1050/20031030-1455.html; Internet; accessed December 1, 2004. Chenxin Zhou, Peng Jiang, â€Å"Zhongguo shisheng pubian renwei gaozhong kecheng guoduo guonan† (Students and teachers consider high schoolwork load too much and too hard); available from http://www.wendu.com/Training/11611.html; Internet; accessed December 1, 2004. Guangcheng Liang, â€Å"Jiaoyu buneng mangmu xihua† (Do not westernize education blindly); available from http://maths.guangztr.edu.cn/kcgg/bnmmxh.htm; Internet; accessed December 1, 2004. Facts and Innovation of Education in China Essay -- Education Chinese Facts and Innovation of Education in China I lived in a city and had a standard high school student life as others. I got up at 7:00 in the morning and tried not to be late for the morning class which is half an hour later. Then I had 9 classes till 5:00 in the afternoon, during which I could eat my one-hour-long lunch. Even at night and on weekends, I had to deal with tons of homework and tests, or locked myself in the classroom. It sounds crazy to have only one day per week free without classes or to stay at school more than at home, but millions of Chinese students are experiencing both situations. One research reveals that nearly 7 out of 10 students in Beijing have to attend classes during winter breaks. Another says that 67% of high school students have less than 7 hours sleep per day and about 42% students have less than half an hour free time per day. Half of them have no free time at all. For most high students in China, all the hard work aims at one thing, and the thing is called the National College Entrance Examination. In fact, it’s an exam which lasts 2 or 3 days depending individually on provinces, takes place nationally and synchronously, and the final score of the exam determines which college a student may get in. Although students fill out forms indicating several colleges they would like to apply to, the fact is they merely have one chance basically, which is the first choice. And once a student fails to get in his first choice, his chances of getting into other colleges are enormously decreased because the spaces have been filled already. Mostly, the Entrance Examination is the only way a college evaluates and admits a student. And in China, a good college degree more or less guarantees a promisi... ...a crushing fairer education environment. Work Cited: Jiajie Li, â€Å"Yang Zhenning jiaoshou bijiao zhongmei jiaoyu† (Prof. Zhenning Yang compares education between China and the US), Guangming Daily, June 18, 2004. Maolin Ye, â€Å"Dui Zhongguo fazhan mingban jiaoyu de sikao† (Thoughts about developing private schools in China); available from http://edu.tom.com/1050/20031030-1455.html; Internet; accessed December 1, 2004. Chenxin Zhou, Peng Jiang, â€Å"Zhongguo shisheng pubian renwei gaozhong kecheng guoduo guonan† (Students and teachers consider high schoolwork load too much and too hard); available from http://www.wendu.com/Training/11611.html; Internet; accessed December 1, 2004. Guangcheng Liang, â€Å"Jiaoyu buneng mangmu xihua† (Do not westernize education blindly); available from http://maths.guangztr.edu.cn/kcgg/bnmmxh.htm; Internet; accessed December 1, 2004.

But these things also – Edward Thomas

Things Also ‘But these things also' brings â€Å"to the centre of attention what has previously overlooked†, as Judy Kendall writes. Thomas explores his fascination with the unimportant in this poem and looks at the connection and merging together of Spring and Winter. Much like his other poetry, here, Thomas struggles to put his finger on precisely what he means. This Is shown by his Inability to separate and distinguish between the two seasons.The poem begins with the first two lines focusing on Spring, however, by allowing this with two lines focusing on Winter, Thomas explodes our first expectations of usual ‘spring poetry of bright and beautiful Images. Instead, he catches the limbo between the two seasons and we are presented with the Idea of the grass being long dead' and ‘greyer now. This pessimistic tone Is not what one usually connotes with springtime, but with the cold and bleak winter. By putting the images of the two seasons so close together in this stanza, Thomas reinforces his presentation of their connection.The last line of the stanza, than all the winter it as', changes the natural syntax of the words. The stress focuses of ‘it was', emphasizing what has past, which creates a sense of longing, introducing the idea that, like in ‘March', Thomas is desperate to find the key' the last two lines of the first stanza finish with the words ‘now and ‘was', bringing together images of the movement of time and emphasizing the gap between the present and the past and importantly, Thomas focus on that gap.The second stanza uses instance to look at things, which are seemingly unimportant. These things show the remains of winter, therefore connecting the seasons further. Once again, Thomas alters the syntax of the words to create a more beautified image. ‘ The word ‘bleached' would usually have a much more negative connotation of fading and perhaps even the loss of hope, however By placing the wo rd at the end of the first line and after the word ‘little' he takes away the harshness of the sound and makes it more delicate and gentle.As well as this, Tomato's use of enjambment stresses the soft ‘L' sounds in the shell of the little snail', which further emphasizes the smoothness of the words. Following this, the surreal pause halfway long the second line, highlights the plosive sounds on the image of the ‘chip of flint'. This draws our attention to the minute details, which Thomas considers and accentuates the signs that spring is not quite here yet. By observing nature In this much detail, we see how valuable Thomas considers It to be, It creates a sense that although these things are small and often overlooked, they are significant.The final Image In this stanza is of the ‘purest white' bird dung. At first It appears odd to be beautifying such a thing as bird dung, but by following It with the words ‘purest white, Thomas Introduces an Idea of I nnocence and positively, as well as a contrast with the previous Image of something ‘greyer now'. This brief glimmer of hope however, Is shattered in the next stanza. In stanza three, the image of White' no longer has positive connotations. But it and death.This instantly darkens the tone and the notion of mistaking bird dung for violets presents the idea that Thomas is truly desperate for any indication of springs arrival. The following violent images of Winter's ruins' and Winter's debts' create an oppressive feeling which moves further from the previous idea of hope. Continuing the pattern of Thomas other poetry, the word ‘something appears ambiguous and vague, creating a sense that Thomas still isn't quite clear on what it is we are paying Winter's debts' with.The final stanza of ‘But these things also' begins to fill us with hope once more. The ‘chattering' birds create a sense of rising morale and the idea of keeping their ‘spirits up' sounds opti mistic. Despite this, when we eventually think that Thomas is going to make a definitive statement, ‘springs here' he reintroduces the feeling of ambiguity with the words Winter's not gone'. This leaves the poem with a sense of not knowing and uncertainty. This reminds us of Thomas tendency to never give absolutes and that he likes balancing a positive idea with a negative.This paradox leaves us with the idea that the winter is preventing the spring from arriving. Throughout the poem, there is a regular rhythm, given by the Iambic Tetrameter, which is occasionally shortened to show the indecisive and unclear seasons. There is never a climax during this poem due to it all being one long sentence. Roberts talks about Thomas use of enjambment and fluidity, which gives a sense of him thinking and working through his thoughts.

Anahorish Brief Poetic Analysis Essay

A poem from Wintering out (1972) still early days in the â€Å"troubles† Anahorish is a place in south Derry, just a few kilometres south of Heaneys family farm. In gaelic it translates roughly to â€Å"hill of spring water† My â€Å"place of clear water,† The first hill in the world. This suggests that, literally Anahorish was the first pace seamus grew up in, but also water symbolizes inspiration in heaneys poems, so this also suggests it was his first place of inspiration. Anahorish primary, was Heanys primary school, and so first place of learning, and literature so this enforces the idea that Anahorish was his first place where he grew inspiration. The second verse begins with a darker approach,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"and darkened cobbles In the bed of the lane.†Ã‚  this suggests that Anahorish also had some of Heanys first â€Å"bad† memorys, possibly a young heaneys first glance at the troubles? Anahorish, soft gradient Of consonant, vowel-meadow This is simply describing the actual word, â€Å"Anahorish† soft gradient a refrence to hills, and vowel-meadow, a description of the high amount of vowels in the word, and another nature refrence. Those mound dwellers Go waist-deep in mist To break the light ice at wells and dunghills. Mist and ice are both forms of water, and so in heanys world, inspiration, however as the liquid and gas form, this represents inspiration which cannot be found, even though it is there. â€Å"to break the ice at wells and dunghills† means that you have to put effort in breaking the ice to reach the water underneath it, and so suggesting that you have to work, or search for inspiration.

Advanced Database Management System Project Essay

INTRODUCTION Background of the Study This study is about the grading system in English of grade thee to grade six students of Tambo Munti Kulit Elemantary School, under the guidance of Mrs. Gina G. Espineli, teacher of English. The school is located at barangay Tambo Munti Kulit, Indang, Cavite. The public school is also under the Department of Education (well-known as DepEd). VISION Tambo Munti Kulit Elementary School is committed to educate the youth of Cavite for the new millennium, to exercise dynamic, proactive and innovative leadership It shall be a school wherein leaders are developed to become competent and responsible members of the Filipino society; equipped with maximum potentials so that they shall be valued and respected in the global community; responsive to the demands of a technologically advancing society; and who are above all, humane and morally upright. It shall continuously serve by its philosophy of â€Å"Quality Education for All† and shall always be guided by its goal of â€Å"living up to a national culture of excellence†. MISSION Tambo Munti Kulit Elementary school is committed to provide knowledge and values necessary for the attainment of higher academic performance. It will provide youth and adults with habits and skills needed for life-long learning and deliver effective services for the common good. Problems addressed by the DBMS Pre-DBMS Typographical Error: Misspelled words caused by rapid input of data as they have to pass it to the higher department as soon as urgent. Time-wasting: It can take a while to manually add or search data. Improper classification of data: It is difficult to sort lots of data into groups. Misplace of Data: There are some cases that the records can be lost or misplaced making it hard to retrieve. Limited: They cannot create back-ups, as they have to take it a long time. Not Secured: There’s only one authorized room to place all of data. Current DBMS Crashing program and cannot be retrieved: One of the problems that is caused by bugs. Slow process of data: This is due to low memory (mostly hardware problems) Typographical Error: Misspelled words caused by rapid input of data as they have to pass it to the higher department as soon as urgent. Creator of the System The Grading system is provided by the Department of Education The Department of Education was established through the Education Decree of 1863 as the Superior Commission of Primary Instruction under a Chairman. The Education agency underwent many reorganization efforts in the 20th century in order to better define its purpose vis a vis the changing administrations and charters. The present day Department of Education was eventually mandated through Republic Act 9155, otherwise known as the Governance of Basic Education act of 2001 which establishes the mandate of this agency. The Department of Education (DepEd) formulates, implements, and coordinates policies, plans, programs and projects in the areas of formal and non-formal basic education. It supervises all elementary and secondary education institutions, including alternative learning systems, both public and private; and provides for the establishment and maintenance of a complete, adequate, and integrated system of basic educat ion relevant to the goals of national development. The Grading System in English consists the following: Quizzes: 15% Recitation: 20% Performance: 15% Theme: 10% Homework: 5% Project: 10% ————————————————- Periodical Exam: 25% Total: 100% Improvements with the use of the DBMS DESIGN AND CODING Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) Relational Schema Queries used Query| Description| select* from tblstudent;| displays all data from tbl student| select* from tblquizzes;| displays all data from tblquizzes| select* from tblhomework;| displays all data from tblhomework| select* from tbltheme;| displays all data from tbltheme| select* from tblothers;| displays all data from tblothers| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblquizzes.quiz_no as â€Å"Quiz Number†, tblquizzes.grade as â€Å"Grade† from tblstudent inner join tblquizzes on tblstudent.sid=tblquizzes.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, together with its quizzes( quiz number and the grade)| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblhomework.homework_no as â€Å"Homework Number†, tblhomework.grade as â€Å"Grade† from tblstudent inner join tblhomework on tblstudent.sid=tblhomework.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, together with its homeworks( homework number number and the grade)| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tbltheme.theme_no as â€Å"Theme Number†, tbltheme.grade as â€Å"Grade† from tblstudent inner join tbltheme on tblstudent.sid=tbltheme.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, together wit h its themes( theme number and the grade)| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblothers.reci_grade as â€Å"Recitation† from tblstudent inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of student, and its recitation grade| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblothers.perf_grade as â€Å"Performance† from tblstudent inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, and its performance grade| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblothers.proj_grade as â€Å"Project† from tblstudent inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, and its project grade| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblothers.peri_grade as â€Å"Periodical† from tblstudent inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid order by sid;| displays the grade of the s tudent, and its periodical exam grade.| mysql> select tblstudent.sid , tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblstudent.fname as â€Å"FirstName†, tblstudent.mname as â€Å"Middle Name†, tblstudent.level as â€Å"Grade†, avg(tblquizzes.grad e) as â€Å"Quizzes†, tblothers.reci_grade as â€Å"Recitation†, tblothers.perf_grade as â€Å"Performance†, avg(tbltheme.grade) as â€Å"Themes†, avg(tblhomework.grade) as â€Å"Homework†, tblothers.proj_ grade as â€Å"Project†, tblothers.peri_grade as â€Å"Periodical†, ((avg(tblquizzes.grade)*0.15)+(tblothers.reci_grade*0.20)+(tblothers.perf_grade*0.15)+(avg(tbltheme.grade)*0.10)+(avg(tblh omework.grade)*0.05)+(tblothers.proj_grade*0.10)+(tblothers.peri_grade*0.25)) as â€Å"Final† -> from tblstudent -> inner join tblquizzes on tblstudent.sid=tblquizzes.sid -> inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid -> inner join tblhomework on tblstudent.sid=tblhomework.sid -> inner join tbltheme on tblstudent.sid=tbltheme.sid -> group by sid -> order by lname;| displays the student umber, last name, first name, middle name, grade, quizzes, recitation, performance, themes, homework, project, periodical exam, and laso the final grade based on the formula given by the department of educaton.| RECOMMENDATION Appendices Screenshots Data Dictionary < This will contain the tables and field names of your subject. > Ex. STUDENT | Field Name| Data type| Description| S_fname | Text| First name of the student| S_age| Number| Age of the student| Interview Images < This will contain the images that shows the interview conducted with the subject. > Interview questionaire < Questionnaire/s used for obtaining the information for this research >

Sustainable Tourism from Http: //Www.Sustainabletourism.Net/Index.Html

ISSUE: As more regions and countries develop their tourism industry, it produces significant impacts on natural resources, consumption patterns, pollution and social systems. The need for sustainable/responsible planning and management is imperative for the industry to survive as a whole. FACTS: TOURISM IMPACTS: †¢880 million people travelled internationally in 2010 and this is expected to reach 1. billion by 2010 †¢The average international tourist receipt is over US$700 per person †¢Travel and tourism represents approximately 10% of total global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (if it include tourism related business (eg catering, cleaning) †¢The global travel and tourism industry creates 10% of world employment (direct & indirect) †¢At least 25 million people spread over 52 countries are displaced by violence, persecution and/or disasters – tourism receipts in every country are affected by this. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS: †¢The average Canadian household used 326 liters of water per day†¦. a village of 700 in a developing country uses an average of 500 litres of water per month AND a luxury hotel room guest uses 1800 litres of water per person per night†¦ †¢The average person in the UK uses approximately 150 litres of water per day – 3 times that of a local village in Asia †¢A species of animal or plant life disappears at a rate of one every three minutes †¢70% of marine mammals are threatened The Western world (with 17% of the worlds' population) currently consumes 52% of total global energy. †¢1 acre of trees absorbes 2. 6tonnes of CO2 per year †¢58% of the worlds coral reefs are at risk †¢Seawater is expected to rise 70 cm in the next 10 years †¢By 2050 climate change could have directly led to the extinction of 30% of species, the death of 90% of coral reefs and the loss of half the Amazon rainforest. †¢Since 1970 a third of the natural world has been destroyed by human activity †¢Half the world's population lives in urban areas and this figure is expected to increase. In Latin America and the Caribbean, 76% of the population live in urban areas †¢By 2036, there will be 1200 million cars on earth – double the amount today †¢A European uses 14x more energy than someone living in India †¢For every 1 degree rise in temperature above 34 degrees Celsius, yields of rice, maize and wheat in tropical areas could drop by 10% †¢Although 70% of the earth's surface is water, only 3% is potable Sources: FOC, 2002, WTO, 2000 & 2002, UNWTO, 2011, www. risingtide. co. uk, 2004, UN, 2003, Gov't of Canada, 2005, Tourism Concern, 2011, Science Msusuem, 2006) SOLUTION: Sustainable tourism is about re-focusing and adapting. A balance must be found between limits and usage so that continuous changing, monitoring and planning ensure that tourism can be managed. This requires thinking long-term (10, 20+ years) and realising that change is often cumulative, gradual and irreversible. Economic, social and environmental aspects of sustainable development must include the interests of all stakeholders including indigenous people, local communities, visitors, industry and government. WHAT CAN YOU DO? Address environmental and social concerns through policies, practices and initiatives with others. †¢Are you traveling? Use these guidelines for being a responsible traveler? †¢Are you traveling? Use these guidelines for being a carbon conscious traveler? †¢Are you a business or organization? Use these questions to guide you. †¢Have us help you with policy development, environmental management, business planning and marketing efforts. †¢ Read more or contact us directly. Click here for definitions and information about sustainable tourism.

A company shall be deemed to be a subsidiary of another

A company shall be deemed to be a subsidiary of another Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . A company shall be deemed to be a subsidiary of another According to section 4 of the Companies Act, a company shall be deemed to be a subsidiary of another, if and only if: (a) that other controls the compositions of its Board of directors; or (b) that other holds more than half in nominal value of its equity share capital(where a company had preference share holders, before commencement of the Companies Act,1956, enjoying voting rights with that of equity shareholder, for the purpose of control, holding company should enjoy more than half of the total voting power)   [ 1 ]   ; or (c) the first-mentioned company is a subsidiary of any company which is that other’s subsidiary. For example, where company B is a subsidiary of company A and company C is a subsidiary of company B then company C shall be the subsidiary of company A. if company D is a subsidiary of company C, then company D shall also be a subsidiary of company B and consequently also of company A.   [ 2 ]    In the case of M.Velayudhan v. Registrar of Companies   [ 3 ]   the position regarding holding-subsidiary relationship was extensively laid down : â€Å"Sec. 4 envisages the existence of subsidiary companies in different situations. It may be that by acquiring sufficient share capital of a company, sufficient control may be obtained over the company to enable control in the composition of BOD. But, it is also possible to obtain such control in regard to the composition of the BOD without making such an in equity capital of the company. Such control may be by reason of an agreement such as where one company may agree to advance funds to another company and in return may, under the term of an agreement, gain control over the right to appoint all or a majority of BOD. The first of the cases envisaged in section 4 is the case where a control is obtained by a company in the matter of composition of the BOD of another company. That would be sufficient to constitute the former as holding company and the other as subsidiary. The second type of cases is where more than half of the nominal value of the equity share capital is held by another company. By virtue of such holding that other company becomes a holding company and the one whose share are so held becomes a subsidiary company. The third case envisaged is where The Use Of Subsidiary Corporations The control of subsidiaries may be accomplished through the creation of a separate corporation to handle a distinct phase of the company’s business, or through the purchase of interests in companies previously existing, the main corporation being in this case the holding company. The use of subsidiary corporations is becoming more and more extensive. A certain manufacturing corporation, for instance, has one operating company, one selling company, one purchasing company, one company owning a short railroad, one real estate company to buy land and erect buildings, and another company to operate these build ings. The United Cigar Stores Company also has a distinct corporation for the handling of its real estate operations.

Research Ppaer with draft Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ppaer with draft - Research Paper Example Since gene mutations primarily cause the condition, attempts to develop gene and cell therapies provide a possible cure for the various types of Muscular Dystrophies. However, gene and cell therapies come with several challenges, especially since the skeletal muscle is the most abundant in the human body. Gene therapy involves gene replacement or modification. As a result, the need to find an efficient method to deliver the new gene to the body becomes of paramount importance. One of the challenges facing gene therapy is the packaging of genes. For example, dystrophin, whose defects are responsible for DMD and Becker MD. Dystrophin is larger than the packaging capacity of many vectors used in delivering the gene to the skeletal muscles. According to Chamberlain 2002, truncated versions of the dystrophin gene become the solution. Research shows that truncating the Central Rod and the C-terminal domains causes minimal changes on the functionality of the dystrophin gene. Shortened versions of the dystrophin gene tested on mice in preclinical studies provide positive results indicating that the micro-dystrophins reverse the abnormalities of the dystrophic muscle.(Cossu & Sampaolesi, 2007) Gene therapy faces the challenge of identifying a favorable viral vector focusing on Adenoviral vectors (Ad), retroviruses and adeno-associated viruses (AAV). Ad vectors contain large capacity of cloning and efficiently infect the muscle. Development of the ‘gutted’ Ad tackles the problem of immune response triggered by the Ad vector. According to Chamberlain (2002), the gutted version contains the ability to package full-length cassettes of dystrophin. However, the Ad vector’s large size hinders diffusion in muscle tissue. Hence, Ad vector is not the best choice vector. Retroviruses posses small cloning capacity and hence are limited to the delivery of mini dystrophins. The most promising gene delivery vector proves to be adeno-associated virus (AAV). (Haidet, Mendell &